Gastrointestinal Agents

3. Gastrointestinal Agents

Gastrointestinal Agent :

Gastrointestinal Agents are the drug which is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders or disease.

Some of the gastrointestinal agent are

1)      Acidifying agents

2)      Antacids

3)      Protectives and absorbents 4)Saline cathartic.

1)Acidifying  agent : Drugs which are used to increase acid are known as acidifying agent.

Acrohydria :Acrohydria is the condition in which is no secretion of hydrochloric acid in a gastric secretions. The Symptoms of Acrohydria includes mild diareha, abdominal pain, sensitivity to spicy foods and loss of appetite, etc. In order to countract the effect of achlohydriadil.HCl is used. e.g. Hydrochloric acid.

1)  DilHCl

            Preperation : It is prepared by diluting conc. Hcl (5ml) with a purified water (200ml) such that it contain 10% w/w of HCl.

            Uses : It is used in the treatment of achlorhydria. It is incompatible with silver, mercury lead.

            Storage : It is Stored in glass stoppered container at below 80’C

2)  Antacid : Antacids are the drugs or preprations which neutralizes excess secreation of (HCl) hydrochloric acid in the body.

Hyperchlorhydria : It is the condition in which there is a hypersecreation of a hydrochloric acid is known as hyperchloric hydria.

Ideal characteristic of antacid : (Properties)

1)      It should be insoluble in a water and should have a fine particle size.

2)      It should not be produce systemic alkalosis.

3)      It should produce its effect over a langer period of time.

4)      It should not have side effect.

5)      It should be stable and easily available.

6)      It should not evolve a large no. of gas on converting with hydrochloric acid.

Evaluation of antacid. :

Acid neutralizing capacity test (in vitro) is used for the evaluation of antacid. In vitro test is best on adding a known quantity of antacid to given amount of HCl acid and measuring the pH of acid at different time intervals for determining the amount of acid consume by the sample.

Classification of antacid :

1)      It should be insoluble in water.

2)      It should be have a fine particle.

3)      It should not produce systematic alkalosis.

4)      It should produces its effect over a longer period of time.

5)      It should not have a side effect.

6)      It should be stable and easily available.

7)      It should not evolve or produce a large contities of gas on reducing with HCl.

Ammonium Compound as antacid

1)Ammonium hydroxide (Coh3) 

            Preparation :-

A hot solution of potash alum is added slowly with a constant stre it to hot solution of sodium carbonate ofercompleatexplusive of co2. The precipatealuminium hydroxide is filtrated wash thearopy with hot water until free from sulphate ions and the precipate is suspended in water and the gel is homogenious. 

3Na2Co3 + 2kAl(so4)2 + 3Ho          3N02so4 + k2so4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 3co3

Properties :-

1)      In dried from aluminium hydroxide gel is a light white amoropnouspowder .

2)      It is odourless and testless .

3)      It is insoluble in water and alcohol .

Uses  :

1)      It is used as antacid.

2)      It gives a relief from gastric acid deodenarise  3)It is used in treatment of hydrochloride.

4)      It is also used in antringents

Should be kept in dried condition,

Stroe in cool place.

Dried ammonium phosphate :-

Preparation :- it is prepared by interactiom between aq. Solution AL salt ( Al. chloride ) and sodium phosphate.

The soluble salt from and removed by washing and decondition the product is under sutaible condition.

Properties :-  it is white powder

                 It is practically insoluble in water and alcohol .

            Uses :- 

1)It is used as antacid 

Storage :- It is stored in a air tight condition at temp. not more than 30 c and avoid freezing.

Calcium compound as a antacid.

Calcium carbonate( CaCo3 )

            It is also known as precipitated chalk.

Preparation :- It is prepared by the intraction of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride.

            The resulting precipatedinfiltred and water from calcium carbonate.

            Na2Co3 + CaCl3          CaCo3 + 2NaCl3

Properties :- 

1)      It is fine white microcrystalline water 

2)      Ot is odourless and testless

3)      It is stable in air 

4)      It is insoluble in water and alcohol 

Uses :- 

1)      It is act as antacid 

2)      It recives the pain of gastric and deodant

3)      It is used in the treatment of diarrhea 

4)      It is also use pollishind agent in tooth powder 

            Storage :- it is stored in well closed container 

            Incompabilities :- It is incombatible with tetracyne

            Magnesium compound use as antacid 

            Heavy magnesium carbonate & light magnesium carbonate (MgCo3)

            Preparation :- heavy magnesium carbonate is prepared by double decompassition form magnesium sulphate  and sodium carbonate 

 The magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate are dissolve separately in water & solution are mixed in 1.1 ratio 

            The residual is boil with water and insoluble magnesium carbonate the magnesium carbonate is filter wash till it is free from the sulphate ions and dried.

            If the prepration of like magnesium carbonate is process differ in concentration of reagent used and the temp. of reaction.

            MgSo4 + Na2CO3                MgCO3 + NaSO4 

            Properties :

1)      It is available in granular powder where as the light magnesium carbonate is available in very light powder.

2)      It is white, odourless, colourless, tasteless these are insoluble in water and alcohol.

Uses :

1)      It is used as a antacid as well as laxative.

Storage : It is stored in a air tight container.

Magnesium Oxide :

Prepration : It is prepared by heating, magnesium carbonate to white heat in oven.

Properties :   1) It is white powder odourless.

2)      Has slightly alkaline in taste.

3)      It is insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in dil. mineral acid. 4)When they exposed to air they easily absorb CO2.

Uses : 1) It is used as antacid.

3)      It is also used in dentrifices (dental Product)

4)      Incompatibility It is incompatible with tetracycline.

Base : 0.8 to 0.5 gm as antacid. 

            Storage : It is stored in air tight container.

            Magnesium tristicate:-

            Preparation:-

1)      It is prepared by sodium salicate and magnesium sulphate.

2)      Sodium sallicate (Na2OS1o2) is prepare by adding sodium hydroxide into sodium silicate ratio (3.3) 

3)      The magnesium trisillicatepricipate formed by slowly running a solution of magnesium sulphate into a solution and sodium sillicate 4)Theprecipite is washed. Dried & powder. 

Properties :- 1) it is white odourlesstestless  fine powder 

2)      It is insoluble in water and alcohol 

3)      It is treated with acid and get decomposed and convert into magnesium chloride &triciclic acid 

Uses  :- 1) it is used as antacid 

2)      It is also used as properties and absorption 

3)      It is usually found in combination product of calcium &aluminium as a antacid to overcome the concipition effect of.

Storage :- it is stored in a air tight container 

4)      Sodium compound use as antacid :-

Sodium bicarbonate :-

Preparation :- on industries skell it is prepared by baring solution ( Nacl ) with ammonia ( Nh3 ) remove impurities. The solution is filter pass through the carbonating tower. It is aloud react with a current of CO2 the tower is pulled to inhance the precipitate to the filter out and dried.

                  H2O + CO2      H2CO3

                  NH3 + HCO3              NH4HCO3

                  NACL + NHCO3          NaHCO3 + NH4cl

      On laborated system it is prepared by CO2 through a solution of sodium hydride the solution is concentrated to obtain the product. It is prepared in lab scale and individual.

                  2NAOH + CO2            Na2CO3 + H2O

                  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO3           2NOHCO3

Properties:- 1) It is white crystalline powder with a saline test. 2)Soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol.

Uses :- 1) It is used as a antacid.

2)      It is used as a treatment of vomiting and nausea.

3)      It is also used as a eye lotion ear drop 

4)      To remove the vax

5)      It is also use as expectorant ( remove the cough ) 

6)      It is used as a rising solution for contact test 

Storage :- it is stored in air tight container.

3)      Protective and absorbant :-

These are the chemical agent used internally in treatment of a disturbance of the GI track the disturbance in normal functioning of frequency result in dysentery and diarrhea GIT.

1)      Bismuth subcarbonate :-

Preparation :- it is prepared by adding an acid solution of bismuth salt into a hot solution of sodium carbonate & staring constantly .

The precipited obtain is wash with water and dried of 60 c 

                  4Bi ( NO2 )3 + 6Na2CO3 + h2O       (Bio2)CO3.H2C + 2NaNO3 + 4Co2

Properties :- 1)  it is available in phase yellow or yellowish white testless powder and it is odourless

2)      It is insoluble in water and alcohol 

3)      It is stable in air but affected by light.

Uses :-1) it is used as protective and absorbant .

2)  it has antidiarrhea action 

3)  active to its astigent and protective 

4)  It is used in consmetric like lotion face powders etc.

Storage :-it is stored in air tight container protected from light.

4)      Kolin :- it is hydrated aluminium silicate with various composition containing testes of compound of magnesium calcium and iron and it is clasiified as heavy kaolin light kaolin.

Preparation :-it is prepared as a natural clay by griding and making free from grety particles 

Properties :- 1) it occurs as a soft white powders, ouderless and has a clay like taste.

            2) It is insoluble in water.

Uses  : 1) It used as protectives and odsorbant.

2)  It is used in the treatement of dysenty, diareha.

3)  it is used in treatement of food poisoning.

4)  It is alos used in dusting powders, consmeticprepration etc.

5)  storage : It is stored in a air tight container.

Saline Cathartics : (Cathartics)

            These are the agents which promote defecation i.e. the agent which facilitates the passage through the elimination of the contestinaltract  specialy through the colon and rectum. ( atherticsgenaraly act by four different mechanisms.)

1)       Stimulants

2)       Bulk Purgetiues

3)       Tubricants 4)Saline cathertics. 1)Stimulant :

In this  the drugs or chemical act by local tritation on intestinal tract and being stimulation of peristastic activity. Since they act directly on intestine and stimulatesperistaisis they are called as stimulant.

Eg.Senna, Rhubarb, castor oil, etc.

2)      Bulk Purgatives :

Bulk puragetives are the agent which increases the bulk of intestinal caontents  e.g. Methyl cellulose, gum, Isopagom. 

3)      Lubricant :

            In constipation contents or intestione become hard due to the absorption of water by body, it results a difficulty in clearing of owels. Lubricants being smooth clearance of Faceal material.

Eg.Liquid Parafin, glycerin, etc.

3)Saline cathertics : -

Saline catharites act by increasing osmotic lead of intestine by absorbing a large quantity of water and thus stimulate prestalsis

e.g.  = magnesium sulphate& sodium potassium tatrate

Magnisiumsulphate (MgSO4 )

Mgso4 or epsum some salt.

            Preparation :- it is obtained by the addition dil. Sulpheric acid on a magnesium carbonate or magnesium oxite the solution after reaction is concentrated and crystallize are filter out.

Mgco3 + H2so4       MgSO4 + H2O + CO2.

Properties  :- 1) it occurs as colourless crystals with a cool saline and butter test .

2) it is freely soluble in water and sparaingly soluble in alcohol and dissolve slowly in glycerine

Uses :- 1) it is used as saline catharities

2)  it is also used as antidose in heavy metal poisoning syorage

3)  it is stored in well closed container in a cool places 

Sodium potassium tartarate:-          it is also called as rocheste salt or potassium sodium tartarate

Preparation :- it is prepared by neutarlising a solution of sodim carbonate with potassium by tartrate the solution boil for some time and neutrilise the solution is filter a allow to crystallize the product .

            Na2CO3 + 2KHC4H4Os      2KNaC4H4O5 + 4H2O + CO2

Properties :-  it is white crystalline powder with saline test .                

                      It is water soluble but insoluble in alcohol .

Uses :- 1) it is used as a saline catharites

3)          it is also used food industy as a stabilized in chees meat product 

Storage :- it is stored in a air tight container.